Morphological Variation in Scarlet Plume (Euphorbia fulgens Karw ex Klotzsch, Euphorbiaceae), an Underutilized Ornamental Resource of Mexico with Global Importance.

Morphological variation is useful in conservation and genetic improvement programs. Euphorbia fulgens, a range-restricted local endemic species of Mexico, is used locally during the altars in the festivities of different saints and is also cultivated as an ornamental plant mainly in Europe. Thus, in the present study, morphological variation was evaluated in wild populations and cultivated populations. Characterization of 90 individuals from three wild populations (the only ones recorded to date) was done by measuring 30 morphological traits both vegetative and reproductive. Thereafter, seeds were collected, and established under greenhouse conditions, and 39 morphometric variables were evaluated in adult plants. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done for wild and cultivated groups independently, and when significant differences were found, Tukey's comparison of means was applied (p < 0.05). To identify the traits responsible for the differences between wild and cultivated groups, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was conducted. Morphological variation was found among wild populations, and this variation decreased in cultivated populations, mainly in reproductive structures. The LDA separated the wild populations from the cultivated groups, according to inflorescence length, petiole length/blade length ratio, and leaf roundness. The variables that determined the separation of individuals between wild and cultivated populations were cyme number, foliar Feret diameter, and inflorescence length, variables that can be important for breeding strategies and artificial selection.

How does urbanization affect perceptions and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants?

BACKGROUND: The use and knowledge of medicinal plants play an essential role in community health in rural Mexico. Medicinal plants are part of the local heritage and provide a source of economic income. Nevertheless, knowledge of their use has declined due to factors like accelerated urbanization. Some authors have proposed that by reducing natural spaces, urbanization generates changes that impact the recognition, use, and management of natural resources. Here, we evaluate how urbanization affects the knowledge, use, and perception of medicinal plants in a Biosphere Reserve in Mexico. METHODS: Using a mixed methodology including quantitative and qualitative analyses, we generated a list of medicinal plants, methods of preparation, prevalence of illness, and use in two communities with different degrees of urbanization. RESULTS: A total of 217 medicinal plants were identified. The more urbanized community had greater knowledge of, and used, a larger number of introduced plant species, while the less urbanized community used and had more knowledge about wild plants. One of the factors explaining these differences was occupation, with people who work outdoors showing greater knowledge of wild plants. CONCLUSIONS: Urbanization can lead to a loss of knowledge of the use and management of local wild species, with implications for the conservation of biocultural heritage. Substitution of native medicinal plants by introduced species shows disinterest and disuse in the local medicinal flora, which could be reflected in their ecosystems.

Biogeographic regionalization by spatial and environmental components: Numerical proposal.

Regionalization through the analysis of species groups offers important advantages in conservation biology, compared to the single taxon approach in areas of high species richness. We use a systematic framework for biogeographic regionalization at a regional scale based on species turnover and environmental drivers (climate variables and soil properties) mainly of herbaceous plant species richness. To identify phytogeographic regions in the Balsas Depression (BD), we use Asteraceae species, a family widely distributed in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) and the most diverse of the vascular plants in Mexico. Occurrence records of 571 species were used to apply a quantitative analysis based on the species turnover, the rate of changes in their composition between sites (ß-Simpson index) and the analysis of the identified environmental drivers. Also, the environmental predictors that influence species richness in the SDTF were determined with a redundancy analysis. We identified and named two phytogeographic districts within the SDTF of the BD (Upper Balsas and Lower Balsas). According to the multi-response permutation procedure, floristic composition of the two districts differs significantly, and the richness of exclusive species in Upper Balsas was higher (292 species) than in the Lower Balsas (32 species). The proportion of Mg and Ca in the soil and the precipitation of the driest three-month period were the environmental factors with greatest positive influence on species richness. The division of geographic districts subordinated to the province level, based on diverse families such as Asteraceae, proved to be appropriate to set up strategies for the conservation of the regional flora, since at this scale, variation in species richness is more evident. Our findings are consistent with a growing body of biogeographic literature that indicates that the identification of smaller biotic districts is more efficient for the conservation of biodiversity, particularly of endemic or rare plants, whose distribution responds more to microhabitats variation.

Variación arquitectónica y morfológica de Hintonia latiflora (Rubiaceae) en relación a la cosecha de corteza y factores ambientales / Architectural and morphological variation of Hintonia latiflora (Rubiaceae) in relation to bark harvest and environmental factors

ResumenHintonia latiflora es una especie ecológicamente rara y económicamente importante del bosque tropical caducifolio de la Cuenca del Balsas, México, cuya corteza se comercializa como medicinal. Las prácticas de descortezado han modificado la forma de las plantas, su arquitectura y morfometría. Se desconoce, si además, existe influencia de factores topogáficos y edáficos sobre estos atributos. Se propone que las condiciones ecológicas en las áreas de distribución y cosecha determinarán las características morfométricas y la variación de la arquitectura de los individuos. Para probar esta hipótesis, evaluamos la relación de factores topográficos y edáficos en diferentes características morfológicas de juveniles (n = 143) y adultos (n = 117) de ocho zonas de cosecha de H. latiflora. Las zonas de cosecha, con una superficie de 0.6 ha, fueron seleccionadas al azar con el apoyo de mapas participativos elaborados por los recolectores del área de estudio. Los datos fueron analizados mediante componentes principales (ACP), y correspondencia canónica (ACC). Los primeros tres CP explicaron el 92.1 % de la variación morfológica; la altura, diámetro basal y cobertura fueron las variables que explicaron las diferencias morfométricas entre juveniles y adultos en las ocho zonas de cosecha. La pendiente del terreno, orientación de la pendiente, profundidad del suelo y pedregosidad, fueron los factores ecológicos estadísticamente relacionados con las diferencias morfométricas. Una menor pendiente, poca pedregosidad, profundidad de suelo, orientación E-O en juveniles (azimut 90˚-270˚) y N-S en adultos (azimuth 0˚-180˚), fueron los factores asociados a mayor altura, número de ramas basales, diámetro basal y cobertura en H. latiflora. Las zonas con mayor intensidad de cosecha estuvieron integradas por árboles monopódicos y algunos individuos basítonos reiterados. Los adultos de estas zonas tuvieron mayor número de frutos. En estos sitios, las plantas de H. latiflora fueron más abundantes y productivas para corteza, pero la alta intensidad de cosecha influyó en la arquitectura vegetal, formando individuos arbustivos multirramificados que originalmente fueron mesótonos. Las áreas con menor intensidad de cosecha estuvieron caracterizadas por pendientes abruptas, suelos superficiales y pedregosos, dominadas por árboles basítonos de menor talla, delgados y escasos en el área. Estos sitios son los menos recomendados para cosecha, debido a que producen menos corteza por árbol, pero sirven para mantener a la especie en el lugar. Con base en estos resultados, podemos desarrollar programas de rehabilitación en áreas afectadas por la explotación comercial, establecer plantaciones forestales en sitios clave para asegurar el desarrollo de individuos con características deseables para cosecha de corteza y contribuir a la conservación in situ de H. latiflora en la Cuenca del Alto Balsas.

AbstractHintonia latiflora is a rare ecologically and economically important species from the Tropical Deciduous Forest of the Balsas Basin, Mexico, whose bark is traded as medicinal. Debarking practices have modified the shape of plants, their architecture and morphometry; but it is unknown if some topographic and edaphic factors may also influence in these attributes. Here we propose that the ecological conditions of this species distribution and harvesting areas, may determine the morphometric characteristics and the individuals variation in their architecture. To test this hypothesis we assessed the relationship of topographic and edaphic factors on the morphological characteristics of saplings (n = 143) and adults (n = 117), in eight harvesting areas of H. latiflora. The harvesting areas, with a surface of 0.6 ha, were selected randomly with the support of participatory mapping elaborated by gatherers of the study site. Data were analyzed using principal components (PCA) and canonical correspondence (CCA) analyses. The first three PC explained 92.1 % of the morphological variation; height, basal diameter, and coverage, explained morphometric differences in both, saplings and adults, in all eight harvesting zones. The terrain slope, slope orientation, soil depth and stoniness, were ecological factors statistically related with morphometric differences. A lower terrain slope, little stoniness, soil depth, slope orientation E-W in saplings (azimuth 90˚-270˚) and N-S in adults (azimuth 0˚-180˚) were the factors associated to height, number of basal branches, basal diameter and coverage of H. latiflora. Areas with higher harvesting intensity were composed by monopodic trees and some reiterated basitone individuals; the adults of these areas also had more fruits. At these sites, plants of H.latiflora were more abundant and produced more bark, but the high-intensity of harvesting, changes plant architecture, forming shrubby, multi-stemmed individuals, that originally were mesotone trees. Areas with lower harvesting intensity were characterized by steep slopes, shallow and rocky soils, and were dominated by basitone trees of smaller size, thin and scarce in the area. These sites are the least recommended for harvesting, because they produce less bark per tree, and serve to preserve the species at the site. Based on these results, we can develop restoration programs in areas affected by commercial harvesting, establish forestry plantations in key sites to ensure the establishment and development of individuals with desirable characteristics for bark harvesting and contribute to in situ conservation of H. latiflora in the Alto Balsas Basin. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 900-916. Epub 2017 September 01.

Apropiación cultural de una planta europea en la herbolaria tradicional mexicana. El caso del ajenjo (artemisia Absinthium l. Asteraceae) / Cultural appropriation of a European plant in traditional Mexican herbalism. The case of absinthe (Artemisia Absinthium L. Asteraceae)

Exploramos el proceso de apropiación cultural de una planta de origen europeo, Artemisia absinthium (ajenjo), por parte de la herbolaria mexicana. Esta especie fue introducida por los españoles durante la conquista de Mesoamérica. La revisión de fuentes históricas nos permite plantear que esta apropiación fue catalizada culturalmente por la existencia de una planta medicinal del mismo género, A. mexicana (iztauyatl o estafiate, sinonimia de A. ludoviciana y A. ludoviciana subsp. mexicana), originaria de Mesoamérica con cualidades organolépticas y epidemiológicas similares a A. absinthium. El análisis de trabajos etnobotánicos recientes nos permiten seguir la pista de la apropiación cultural de A. absinthium a través tanto de la conservación de sus usos antiguos como del enriquecimiento de su utilidad medicinal mediante nuevos usos en México. Esto refleja un proceso no solo de apropiación etnobotánica sino también de innovación cultural, al margen de los mecanismos de generación delconocimiento establecidos. Se discute la problemática de la erosión cultural del conocimiento etnobotánico del ajenjo, al ser considerada una especie tóxica por parte de la Secretaría de Salud de México.

Factors affecting ethnobotanical knowledge in a mestizo community of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, mestizo communities' ethnobotanical knowledge has been poorly studied. Based on a mestizo group in Mexico, this study assesses a) the use value (UV) of the local flora, b) gendered differences in plant species, and c) the association between socio-economic variables and ethnobotanical knowledge. METHODS: To assess the degree of knowledge of plant resources, we conducted 41 interviews collecting information on knowledge of local plant resources and the socio-economic situation of the informant. We also collected free listings of useful plants by category of use to identify the UV of each species. With the support of key informants, we photographed and collected the plant material recorded during the interviews and free listings on five different habitats. Paired t-tests and a Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to determine differences in the number of species known by men and women. Differences in distribution were analyzed by means of the Shapiro-Wilk's W normality tests. To determine the association of socio-economic factors and ethnobotanical knowledge, we used a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS). RESULTS: Informants listed 185 species. Medicinal plants constituted the most diverse group (90 species). Tropical deciduous forest is the habitat that concentrates the highest proportion of plant resources (80 species). The use-values were classified into three groups: A (4-6 UV; three species), B (0.35-1.37 UV; 39 species) and C (0-0.29 UV; 143 species). High-quality wood species and those associated to religious ceremonies had the highest UV. Women's and men's knowledge of plant species showed statistically significant differences at the interspecific and the intracategorical levels (Student's test, T15 = 4.8, p < 0.001). Occupation, gender and age were statistically significant associated to ethnobotanical knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas income, education level, and place of origin were not. CONCLUSION: This research improves our understanding of the socio-economic activities associated with the intracultural distribution of ethnobotanical knowledge among mestizo Mexican communities. It also provides information on plant resources and habitats and how local peasants value them. This information could help in the development of proposals to improve biocultural conservation and strengthen traditional knowledge systems for effective forest management.